IBHULOGI

Ukuhlanza kwesihlabathi emazweni okuphakanyiswa kuyasebenza ngokufanayo ngezinkinga ezingaphansi kwezinye njengokungafiki kwezilwane nezintemperetura eziningi kuyabeka imiphumela yezincwadi zomhlaba phakathi kwezizwe zonke. Abafundi balesi sizwe sobuhleli bakhetha izindlela eziphambili ezinokubiza ukuthi zibuye ziboneleze izindawo zabo ngokugcina izilwane zabo eziningi. Kuzo zonke izindlela eziphambili ezivela kwezokusebenza kwezihlabathi, isifilmi sokugcina amasimbi esithengisiwe ngokulinganisa kuyisibonelo esiphelele sokubona izincwadi zomhlaba nezimo zezindawo.

Ukusebenzisa imifanekiso yemulch ephendulwe kumsebenzi wokulima emazulwini ayisodwa kuyisibonelo esikhulu sokuphambuka ngaphezu kwezindlela zokulima zezindaba. Ngaphandle kokuthi imifanekiso yemulch eyenzelwe ngokulinganisa, le mifanekiso eyodwa iyakwenziwa ukuze isebenze ngezinkinga ezithile ezinokubonakala emazulwini ayisodwa, njengokukhula kwezilwane, ukuguqula kwesilinganiso sesikhathi, nokugcina umdla wamatsandla. Amathuba okufunda ekupheleni kwemazulwini ayisodwa akubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo zemifanekiso yemulch ezisebenziswayo ngokuphelele zingakwakha amashumi amabili kusukela ku-40% amashumi amabili kwezinkulungwane zokulima futhi zingakwakha ukusebenzisa amanzi ngokuphelele ngamashumi amathathu.

Ukuhlanganisa kwezifilmi zokufaka emhlabeni ezihlukene kuyisibonelo sokuthi kwenza imizimba yokuqala yokuphila ngaphansi kwesandla. Ngokwenza isithuthi sokuvikela esikhathini sesandla, lezifilimi zihlinzela isandla, zivikela ukuphela kwamafutha, nokubeka amasithuthi okuzama ukuphila okungahlinzeli izimpilo zokuphila okuzame ukuphila ngokwesandla ngokuphela kwamafutha okunye. Ukuchaza kwezifilimi zihlukene kusiza abasebenzi bokulima ukukhetha izifilimi nezinkinga zokuhlinzela, ukubuka, nokuphela kwamafutha okuzimele ukuthi ziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphila zabo nokuthi ziyinkimbinkimbi yezindawo zabo.

Ukuzwa ngokwesayensi yezifilimi zokufaka emhlabeni ezihlukene

Ukubhalwa Kwemithombo Nokuhlinzela

Izifilm zokugcina izihlathi zesikhathi esisha zokugcina zisebenzisa ubukhulu bezinkqubo zokudala izifilm ngokupheleleyo nokuthi ziyisibonelo sokusebenza kwezihlathi. Izinhlanganisi zokwakha zizoba ngokwesibonelo se-polyethylene noma izinhlanganisi ezinokugcina ngokupheleleyo, okuzokubika ukuthi ziyisibonelo sokugcina ngokupheleleyo futhi ziyisibonelo sokuhambana nezinhlanganisi zokuhlaka. Lezi zinhlanganisi zihamba ngamathuluzi amahle okuhambana nokuthi aziphatha ngokupheleleyo kumaphuzu okuvula kwe-UV, ukuthi aziphatha ngokupheleleyo kumaphuzu okuthi ayithandabuza, nokuthi aziphatha ngokupheleleyo kumaphuzu okuthi ayithandabuza kakhulu ukuze aziphatha ngokupheleleyo kumaphuzu okuthi ayithandabuza kakhulu kwezindawo ezingasemaphandleni.

Umsebenzi wokwenza imifanekiso yemifula yokuqondisa kuyisibonelo sokuziphatha ngokuhle kwezinto eziningi, kubantu kwezindawo zokuhlala, izithakazelo zesandla, nokufaneleka kwezilwane. Abasayensi bavula amathuba okusebenzisa izindlela zokubhala eziphelele ukuzodetermine ukuthi ubude obuhle buyihiphi, obuyingaba phakathi kwe-12 kunye ne-25 microns, kusukela kuqondiswa ukuthi kuyasebenziswa kanjani. Izinsiza zomugqa we-mulch film ziyaphendulwa ngokuhle futhi, noma kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinkampani ezinamaphepha amancane okuvumela ukuguqula kwamagasi ngokuphelele kodwa kubhekana nokugcina umsindo wokugcina amanzi.

Teknoloji Yembala Kunye Nokuphatha Kwelanga

Ukukhetha umbala kwemifilmi yokuqondisa eziyisikhiwe ngokwesibonelo kuyasebenza kakhulu ekuthinteni ukusebenza kwezindlela zokulima kwezindawo eziphansi kwezilwandle. Imifilimi yomhlanga omnyama iyasebenza kakhulu ekuthimelweni kwamandla wezulu nokuphakamisa isikhwama, okuyakusiza ekunzuzeni izinsuku zokuphila kwezindawo eziphansi kwezilwandle noma kwezindawo eziphansi kwezilwandle. Imifilimi yomhlanga omhlophe iyavumela ukufika kwezinye izithunywa zezulu ngaphaya kokuthinteka kwezinye izithunywa, futhi iyathinta amanzi, okuyakusiza kakhulu kwezincwadi ezinamandla amancane. Imifilimi yomhlanga omsiliva neyomhlanga oyodlula amandla ayinkulu ayakunciphisa isikhwama sokwakhiwa, okuyakusiza kakhulu kwezindawo eziphansi kwezilwandle.

Izinkampani ezintsha kwezinhlelo zokusebenzisa imifilimi yokuqondisa eziyisikhiwe ngokwesibonelo zazisiza imifilimi yombala kabili ezenza izinto ezihlukene ngasinye isikhundla. Le mifilimi yisibonelo sikhundla esiyodlula amandla ngasinye isikhundla, futhi sikhundla esinye siyomhlanga omnyama ukuze sicophele amadwele. Lokhu kukhona kwezinhlelo zokusebenzisa imifilimi yokuqondisa, okuyakusiza abafundi ukuthintela isikhwama nokucophelela amadwele ngokufanayo.

Iziphumo Zokuhlinzeka Kwamanzi Nokuphatha Ukuchitha Kwamanzi

Izindlela Zokuphepha Ukuchitha Kwamanzi

Kunye nempilo yezinkambo zokusebenzisa i-mulch film eyakhiwe kahle ekufundzeni kwemifula, ukuthi kuyisibonelo esikhulu sokuphepha ukuchitha kwamanzi kusuka emfuleni. Izifundo zazibonisa ukuthi i-mulch films eziphakanyisiwe ngendlela efanelekileyo zinokuphepha ukuchitha kwamanzi ngama-70–90% kulandela ukuchitha kwamanzi kusuka emfuleni engenalo isibonelo. Lokhu kucaphuleka kakhulu ukuchitha kwamanzi kusiza abafundi ukubeka amandla okuchitha kwamanzi emfuleni ngokuphelele, futhi kwenza ukufundza kubhekise kumandla okuchitha kwamanzi.

Izinkulungwane zokugcina amanzi zemifilm yokufutha eziyisikwe kusenzo ngemithombo eminingi. Isibonelo sesikhundla sikhupha ukuxhumana kanye phakathi kwezinsila nezulu, kubhekisa isibonelo sokukhupha umoya wokuhlela amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imifilm iyadala indawo yezinsila emva kwakho apho ubunzima bezinsila bakhona kakhulu, okuvamile ukunciphisa isibonelo sokuhlela. Lokhu kucaphuna ukugcina amanzi okuvamile ukubusa ukusebenza kwezincwadi nokunciphisa izinkinga zokufaka amanzi.

Ukuphatha Kwesinsila

Ukuphatha kwesinsila kuyindoda eyodwa eyenkulu ekuphatheni kwezinsila ngemifilm yokufutha eziyisikwe kumazwe athi aqhubeka ngokuphambuka kwezinsila. Ukuguqula kwesinsila kungabizwa kakhulu emazweni athi aqhubeka ngokuphambuka kwezinsila nezinsila zezinsila, apho isinsila sezinsila singasiza kakhulu kune-60°C ngemini futhi sibiza kakhulu ngobusuku. Lokhu kucaphuna ukuguqula kwesinsila kungasiza izincwadi futhi kungahleli ukuzimela kwezinsila nokuthola izinkumbulo.

Izifilm zokuphakamisa ezihlanganisiwe ngokuhambisana zinconywa lezi zimbono zokuchitha ngokunika ukuchitha kwezinkathi nezindlela zokuphatha izinkathi. Ngeminyaka yezinkathi ezingavuthi, izifilm ezingakhumbula zinakwakha ubukhulu bezinsila ngama-5-10°C, futhi ngeminyaka yezinkathi ezingaphansi, izifilm zinamathuba okuchitha izinsila zokuchitha okuzosiza ekubhaleni ubukhulu bezinsila. Lokhu kuchitha kwesinkathi kwenza amathuba okugrowtha okulinganayo okusiza ekuphuhlisisweni kwezinkathi zokugrowtha nokuphula kwezinkathi zokugrowtha ngokuphula kwezinkathi zokugrowtha.

Amasevisi Okugcina Amasipho Nezinkathi Zokuphula

Ukuphula Kwamasipho

Amasipho ayo agrowtha emazweni apho akhona umkhondo wokugcina ayabonisa imiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekusebenziseni izifilm zokuphakamisa ezihlanganisiwe ngokuhambisana. Amathambo, amaphepha, nemacucumber ayabonisa ukuphula kwezinkathi zokugrowtha kwe-25-50% lapho agrowtha ngezifilm zokuphakamisa ezihlanganisiwe ngokuhambisana. Izinkathi zokugrowtha eziphulayo zokusebenzisa izifilm ziyasiza lezi masipho ukugrowtha ngokulinganayo ngaphandle kokuzimisa izinkathi zokugrowtha, okusiza ekutholeni kwezinkathi zokugrowtha nezinkathi zokugrowtha zokuphula.

Indlela yokuguqula kuyaphakathi kakhulu ekuphatheni izilwane, ngoba izilwane ezihlukahlukene zinezinkinga ezihlukahlukene ngokwesikhathi sokuphatha isandla, ubunzima bokushisa kwesandla, imithwalo yamafutha, nokuthi kuyisikhathi sokubona. Amaphile yokuguqula kungahlanganiswa ukuze zinikeze izimo eziphelele kuzilwane zokuphatha, kubhekwa izinto ezihlukahlukene njengezindawo zokugcina amagama, indlela yokuphatha, nokuthi kuyisikhathi sokususa ukuthi kufanele kuhlanganiswe ukuthi kubhekwe izimpilo.

Amathuba okuphatha izilwane nezilwane zokuphatha

Izilwane nezilwane zokuphatha ziyabenefta kakhulu kusuka kwezilwane zokuguqula, kodwa indlela yokusebenzisa iyahlukahlukene kusuka kwezilwane zokuphatha. Kulezi zilwane, izilwane zokuguqula ziyasebenzisa ngamaphepha emaphethini kusuka kumazilwane, zinikeza ukuthi amafutha ayasinda kanye nokuthi amazilwane azikho kusuka kwezindawo zokugcina amagama, futhi zingavumele amaphethini akhangele amadoda abe nendawo yokusebenza nokuphatha.

Ukubhalwa kwezindlela zokuhlanganisa izindawo zokufukamisa kuzoba yinkimbinkimbi ekhona ngokuphelele, futhi lokhu kuyakwazi ukuthi i-mulch film ingaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokuphelele. Amafilmi afakelwe ukusebenza emithambama kufanele abhekise amasonto amaningi okufukamisa ngaphandle kokuthi abe nesiphumo esihle. Amaphormula afakelwe kusetyenziswa kwemithambama kusho isikhundla sokugcina i-UV stabilizers kanye nokunquma ukuthi kubhekele amasonto amaningi emaqhwa amahle.

Iimpawu Zomnotho Nenkokhelo Yekhoboka

Uhlobo Lwendlela Lokungena-Lokunceda

Amaphrofithi emisebenzi yokuqasha i-mulch film efanayo kumasebe ayo akhona kusuka kwezinkinga zokuvutha kuphela. Noma ukuthi ukubhalwa kwemisebenzi yokuqasha i-mulch film yilokho okhona ngokuphelele, ukubhalwa kwemisebenzi kuyakwazi ukuthi kubhekisele umphumela wokubhalwa ngokuphelele ngokuphelele kwezinkinga zokuvutha. Ukunciphisa ukusebenzisa amanzi kungancipha izindlela zokubhala ngama-20-40%, futhi ukuvutha okuhle kungabhekisele ukuvutha ngokuphelele.

Ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zabasebenzi nakho kunomthelela ezinzuzweni zezomnotho zezinhlelo zefilimu ye-mulch ezenziwe ngezifiso. Izakhiwo zokuqeda ukhula zamafilimu omuthi wokuxova ukhula zingaqeda noma zinciphise kakhulu isidingo sokulima ngomshini nokusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula, kunciphise kokubili izidingo zabasebenzi nezindleko zokungenisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo zokukhula ezingcono zivame ukuholela ekuvuthweni kwesitshalo ngendlela efanayo, okunganciphisa izindleko zokuvuna futhi kuthuthukise isikhathi semakethe.

Izinzuzo Zokuhlala Isikhathi Eside

Izinzuzo zokusimama zefilimu ye-mulch eyenziwe ngezifiso zisiza ekuzuzeni izinzuzo zesikhathi eside kwezomnotho ezidlula izinkathi ezithile zokukhula. Ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo yomhlabathi ngenxa yokwehla kokuguguleka nokulawulwa komswakama okungcono kungathuthukisa umkhiqizo womhlaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isidingo esincane sokunisela sisiza ekulondolozeni izinsiza zamanzi ukuze zisetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo, okubaluleke kakhulu ezifundeni lapho amalungelo amanzi eba abiza kakhulu noma eshibhile.

Izinketho zemifilmi yokuqondisa ezintsha zezinto ezingavunyelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo zihlala zikhubaza izindleko zokususa futhi zihlala zikhubaza izinkinga zemvelo ezinamandla kumifilimi yamaphutha. Lezi zinto zihlala zizwele ngokuzenzakalelayo emhlabeni emva kokusebenza kwazo kubizo labo labantwana, zihlala zibeka izindleko zokuphatha izinto ezingavunyelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngalokho zihlala ziqiniseka izinto ezipheleleyo ezingahlanganisiweyo okufanele zibe kubizo labo labantwana.

Ukufaka futhi Izindlela Zokusebenza Ngokulinganayo

Iindlela Zokufaka Ngokuchanekileyo

Ukwenza kahle kwezinhlobo zemifilimi yokuqondisa eziyisivumelwano kufune ukubhekisisa kahle kuzindlela zokufaka futhi isikhathi sokufaka. Umhlaba kufanele kube nesimo esihle kabusha kabusha ngaphambi kokufaka kwemifilimi, nokuthi kufanele kube nenkulu yamandla yamanzi futhi nezimo zomhlaba ozinamandla ukuze kuholeleke ukuxhumana kahle phakathi kwemifilimi nomhlaba. Isikhathi sokufaka kuyisidingo esikhulu, ngoba imifilimi kufanele kufakwe lapho izimo zomhlaba ziyisidingo esikhulu kubizo labo labantwana.

Imishini yokufaka esebenza kahle eyenzelwe ngokukhethekile ifilimu ye-mulch eyenziwe ngezifiso ingathuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokufaka. Le mishini iqinisekisa ukuthi ifilimu icindezela kahle, inamathele enhlabathini ngokwanele, futhi isuke kahle phakathi kwezinhlelo zokunisela ngamaconsi noma izimbobo zokutshala. Amasu afanele okufaka angathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lwefilimu ye-mulch ngo-15-25% uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokufaka ngesandla.

Ukuphila kanye nokulandelela

Ukuqapha nokugcina njalo izinhlelo zefilimu ye-mulch ezenziwe ngezifiso kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhula. Ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akuqhekeki, akuphazanyiswa noma akuwohloki okungase kuphazamise ukusebenza kwefilimu. Ukulungisa ngokushesha umonakalo omncane kungavimbela izinkinga ezinkulu ezingase zidinge ukushintshwa kwefilimu.

Ukuqapha isimo somhlabathi ngaphansi kwefilimu ye-mulch eyenziwe ngezifiso kusiza abalimi ukuba benze ngcono ukuhlela ukunisela futhi bakhombe noma yiziphi izinkinga ngokuhlukaniswa komswakama noma impilo yomhlabathi. Izinzwa zokushisa kwenhlabathi nomswakama zingafakwa ngaphansi kwefilimu ukuze zinikeze idatha yesikhathi sangempela eqondisa izinqumo zokuphatha futhi ikhulise izinzuzo zohlelo lwefilimu ye-mulch.

Izidingo Zamanje Nokuphila Kusasa

Ukuhlolwa Komthelela Wemvelo

Umthelela wezemvelo wezinhlelo zefilimu ye-mulch ezenziwe ngezifiso kwezolimo ezomile kufanele uhlolwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe imikhuba yokulima esimeme. Amafilimu epulasitiki avamile angabangela izinselele zokuphathwa kwemfucuza, kodwa izindlela zanamuhla ezibolayo zibhekana nalezi zinkinga ngenkathi kugcinwa izinzuzo zokusebenza. Isidingo esincishisiwe sokutshala nokufaka imithi yokubulala ukhula ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kwefilimu ye-mulch singanikeza nezinzuzo zemvelo ngokunciphisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokufakwa kwamakhemikhali.

Iziphumo zokulinda amanzi zemifula yomkhakha wezinkampani ziyakwenza isiphumo esihle kwezinhlelo zokuphatha izulu ngokuzimisa, futhi ziyakusinda ukuphatha kwesizulu ngokuzimisa emazweni apho amanzi ayisifunda. Ukunciphisa kakhulu kwemisebenzi yokuhlanza kusinda izindawo zomkhakha wamandla nezindawo zokuphatha amanzi, futhi kunciphisa ukusebenzisa amandla okuphatha amanzi nokugcina izindawo zokuphatha. Lezi ziphumo zokuzimisa ziyahambisana nezinhlelo zokuzimisa eziningi futhi ziyasinda ukuphatha kwesizulu ngokuzimisa.

Izibonakaliso Zokulandela kanye Nezimali

Ukuchaza okuphambili nokuthuthukisa kwemifula yomkhakha wezinkampani kuyaphambili kuzimisa nokuthuthukisa kwezinhlelo zokuzimisa. Imifula emine emine ekhona imithombo yezincwadi ziyakunika ukubuka okuphambili kwezindawo zomhlaba futhi ziyakushintsha izinto zabo ngokuzimisa ngezindlela zokuzimisa zokuzimisa kwezindawo zokuzimisa. Lezi zibizo ziyabonisa ubunye bokuphatha kwesizulu ngokuzimisa okuphambili okuyakusinda ukuphatha kwesizulu ngokuzimisa kwezindawo zokuzimisa.

Amadonga okusebenzisa izipholo zokubhukuda kwezinto ezinamandla kuthi kuyabonakalisa izinkomba eziningi ezifunekayo ngabantu abasebenzisa amasimu ekhaya. Izifomuleyishini eziphusha zinika ukuphila kahle nokusebenza kahle futhi zinikeza ukubhukuda kabusha ngokuphelele ngeminyaka eyafakiwe. Lezi zidingo ziyabonakalisa izinkinga zokuhlela umhlaba futhi zibuyisela iziphumo zokusebenza kwamasimu okwesikhathi esihle sokuthi isikhwama sesimini sitholakala ngokuphelele kumaphoyisa okungabi nempilo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Isikhwama sesimini sitholakala ngokujwayelekileyo sithola kahle kanjani emaphoyisweni okungabi nempilo

Ukuphila kwe-sikhwama sesimini emaphoyisweni okungabi nempilo kuchaza ngokuphelele ngokufanayo kwezifomuleyishini nezinkinga zokuhlela umhlaba. Izifilimi zezindawo zizokwazi ukuphila ngomkhathi wokusebenza kwesikhathi esifanayo, futhi izifilimi ezinamandla okusebenza ngeminyaka emibili noma emithathu izokwazi ukuphila ngokuphelele. Izistabilayizha zokugcina uvula (UV) nezintsimbi ziyizinkinga ezibalulekileyo ezichaza ukuphila kwezifilimi emaphoyisweni okungabi nempilo.

Yini ubude obuhle kwe-sikhwama sesimini kumasekhulu okungabi nempilo

Ububanzi obuhle kakhulu bokufilimela kwezinkulungwane ezihlukene kwezindawo zokulima emazulwini kusuka ku-15-25 microns, kusukela kuzinyathelo ezihlukene. Amafilimela amancane kakhulu oku-12-15 microns ayasebenza kahle kumazwe amabili aphakathi kokugcina kahle, ngakho-ke amazwe amadala nezimo ezingavamile kuzokuthatha amafilimela oku-20-25 microns ukuthola ubukhulu nokusebenza kahle.

Ngakho-ke kungasebenzisiwe ukufilimela kwezinkulungwane ezihlukene nesistimu yokuqondisa umfula?

Ukufilimela kwezinkulungwane ezihlukene kuyasebenza kahle nesistimu yokuqondisa umfula futhi kusho ukuthi kuyayenza kahle kakhulu. Ukufilimela kungasebenzisiwe phezu kwamaphuzu okuqondisa umfula noma kungasembeleka ukuthi kubhekwe izikhombisa, kwenza isistimu esiyinqanaba sokuphinda kahle kwezimali yomfula. Lokhu kuyasebenza kahle kakhulu kubukhulu bomphini wamazwe nokugcina umfula emazulwini.

Ibali eliphi lokufilimela kwezinkulungwane ezihlukene libhekene kahle nesikhathi esikhulu kakhulu?

Kumazwe apho amaphuzu akhulu kakhulu, izilayi zemithi zokufaka emhlabeni ezisiliva noma zembhabha ezingavamile ziyatholakala ngokuphelele njengokuthola okuhle ngokuthi zibuyisela ukuthwasa kwezulu okungafanele futhi zizimelela isikhathi sokubusa kwesandla. Lezi zilayi zingabusa isikhathi sokubusa kwesandla ngama-8-12°C kulandela izilayi zombhabha, okuyisisekelo esihle kakhulu kubukhali obukhula kumazwe apho amaphuzu akhulu kakhulu.